Courses:

This course introduces students to climate studies, including beginnings of the solar system, time scales, and climate in human history. It also talks about:

• methods for detecting climate change, including proxies, ice cores, instrumental records, and time series analysis.
• physical and chemical processes in climate, including primordial atmosphere, ozone chemistry, carbon and oxygen cycles, and heat and water budgets.
• internal feedback mechanisms, including ice, aerosols, water vapor, clouds, and ocean circulation.
• climate forcing, including orbital variations, volcanism, plate tectonics, and solar variability.
• climate models and mechanisms of variability, including energy balance, coupled models, and global ocean and atmosphere models.

This course meets with graduate subject 12.842 (Climate Physics and Chemistry), but assignments differ.

(Introduction to Solid-State Chemistry (3.091), or Principles of Chemical Science (5.111), or Principles of Chemical Science (5.112)) and Differential Equations (18.03).

1. Overview. Overview of the Entire Course, Including Descriptive Aspects of Present Climate System to the Paleorecord to Problem of Seeing Trends in Observations to Modeling Issues.
2. Paleorecord. Evolution of the Earth, Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. Climate History through Geologic Time. Carbon and Carbonate-silicate Cycles. Greenhouse Gases. Tectonics. Orbital Forcing. Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes. Sediment and Ice Cores. Abrupt Climate Change.
3. Atmospheric Chemical Cycles. Composition and Evolution through Time. Methane. Feedbacks.
4. Ocean Chemical Role. Carbon Cycle, Revelle Factor, etc. Biological Pump. Gas Exchange Process. Solubility Pump.
5. Tectonic Contributions. Determination of Continental Movement. Plate Tectonic Mechanisms and Inferences. Interpretation of Sealevel Curves.
6. Interpretation. Time Series and Statistical Inference.
7. Radiative Equilibrium Models. Radiative/Convective Equilibrium. Zonally Symmetric Circulations. Entropy Budget.
8. Ocean Circulation Issues. Convective Processes. Mixing. Stommel/Arons. Eddy Problem. Box Models. Inverse Calculations. Ocean Heat Budget. Climate Feedbacks and Climate Models. Basic Atmospheric Models. Ocean Processes. Upwelling Diffusion Models. Coupled Box Models. GCMs. The Water Cycle.

There will be homework and each student will be asked to do a term project. Reporting on the term projects will take place at the end of the term in both written (no more than 10 pages) and oral presentation (about 15 minutes). The oral presentation is optional for undergraduate students.