Courses:

When you click the Amazon logo to the left of any citation and purchase the book (or other media) from Amazon.com, MIT OpenCourseWare will receive up to 10% of this purchase and any other purchases you make during that visit. This will not increase the cost of your purchase. Links provided are to the US Amazon site, but you can also support OCW through Amazon sites in other regions. Learn more.

Readings are also listed by session.

Burg, Steven L. The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999. ISBN: 9781563243080.

Richani, Nazih. Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780791453469.

Wood, Elisabeth J. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN: 9780521788878.

Collier, Paul, V. L. Elliott, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, MartaReynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780821354810.

Paris, Roland. At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN: 9780521541978.

Ballentine, Karen, and Jake Sherman, eds. The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. ISBN: 9781588261724. (A project of the International Peace Academy.)

Mitchell, Neil. Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. ISBN: 9781403962744.

Course readings.

SES #	TOPICS	READINGS
I. Introductory Classes
1	Introduction
2	Old and New Civil Wars	Fearon, James, and David D. Laitin. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War." APSR 97 (2003): 75-90. Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Steven Lattimore. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co., 1998. ISBN: 9780872203945. (Selections) Tilly, Charles. "Violence, Terror, and Politics as Usual." Boston Review (Summer 2002): 21-4. Kalyvas, Stathis. "'New' and 'Old' Civil Wars. A Valid Distinction?" World Politics 54 (2001): 99-118.
3	The World Bank Approach to Civil War	Collier, Paul, V. L. Elliott, Havard Hegre, Anke Hoeffler, MartaReynal-Querol, and Nicholas Sambanis. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780821354810.
II. Controversies
4	Identity	Petersen, Roger. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780521007740. (Selections) Sambanis, Nicolas. "Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, no. 4 (2001): 259-82. O'Brien, Connor Cruise. "The Wrath of Ages: Nationalism's Primordial Roots." Foreign Affairs 72, no. 5 (1993): 142-149. Brubaker, Rogers, and David D. Laitin. "Ethnic and Nationalist Violence." Annual Reviews of Sociology 24 (1998): 423-52. Fearon, James D., and David Laitin. "Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity." International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 845-877.
5	Fear	Posen, Barry. "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict." Survival 35, no.1 (1993): 27-47. Snyder, Jack, and Robert Jervis. "Civil War and the Security Dilemma." In Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. Edited by Barbara Walter, and Jack Snyder. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 15-37. ISBN: 9780231116275. Kasfir, Nelson. "Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas and Violent Predation: Causes of Failure." When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Edited by Richard Rotberg. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780691116723. Saideman, Steve. "Is Pandora's Box Half-Empty or Half-Full?" In The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, Escalation. Edited by David Lake, and Donald Rothschild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. pp. 127-150. ISBN: 9780691016900.
6	Greed	Ballentine, Karen, and Jake Sherman, eds. The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. ISBN: 9781588261724. (A project of the International Peace Academy.) Soysa, Indra De. "Paradise is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 1989-1999." Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 4 (2002): 395-416.
7	Death	Mitchell, Neil. Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. ISBN: 9781403962744. Kalyvas, Stathis. Chapter 7 in The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Unpublished Manuscript, 2000. (PDF) Mueller, John. "The Banality of 'Ethnic War'." International Security 25, no. 1 (2000): 42-70. Kalyvas, Stathis. "Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria." Rationality and Society 11, no. 3 (1999): 243-85. Krain, Matthew. "State-sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 3 (1997): 331-360.
8	Intervention	Kaufmann, Chaim. "Intervention in Ethnic and Ideological Civil Wars: Why One Can be Done and the Other Can't." Security Studies 6, no. 1 (1996): 62-100. Daalder, Ivo. "Knowing When to Say No: The Development of US Policy for Peacekeeping." In UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s . Edited by William Durch. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, pp. 35-67. ISBN: 9780312160753. Smith, Tony. "In Defense of Intervention." Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (1994): 34-46. Mandelbaum, Michael. "Foreign Policy as Social Work." Foreign Affairs (1996): 16-32. Hoffmann, Stanley. "The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention." Survival 37, no. 4 (1995): 29-51. Mason, T. David, and Patrick J. Fett. "How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach." Journal of Conflict Resolution 40, no. 4 (1996): 546-568. Smooha, Sammy, and Theodor Hanf. "The Diverse Modes of Conflict-Regulation in Deeply Divided Societies." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 33 (1992): 26-47.
9	Peace	Paris, Roland. At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN: 9780521541978. Walter, Barbara. "Designing Transitions from Civil War." In Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. Edited by Barbara Walter, and Jack Snyder. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 38-72. ISBN: 9780231116275. Sambanis, Nicholas. "Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature." World Politics 52, no. 4 (2000): 437-83. Licklider, Roy. "The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993." American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (1995): 681-690.
III. Cases
10	Bosnia	Bax, Mart. "Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case Study from Rural Bosnia Hercegovina." Ethnic and Racial Studies 23, no. 1 (2000): 16-36. Burg, Steven L. The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999. ISBN: 9781563243080. Woodward, Susan. "How not to End a Civil War." In Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. Edited by Barbara Walter, and Jack Snyder. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 73-115. ISBN: 9780231116275.
11	Colombia	Richani, Nazih. Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780791453469. Chernick, Marc W. "Negotiating Peace amid Multiple Forms of Violence: The Protracted Search for a Settlement to the Armed Conflicts in Colombia." In Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America. Edited by Cynthia J. Arnson. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN: 9780804735896.
12	Sudan	Ali, Taisier M., and Robert O. Matthews. "Civil War and Failed Peace Efforts in Sudan." In Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999, pp. 193-220. ISBN: 9780773517776. Waal, Alex de. "Tragedy in Darfur: On understanding and ending the horror." Boston Review 29, no. 5 (2004).
13	Iraq	"Iraq Two Years after the End of Major Combat." Lawson, Chappell, and Strom Thacker. "Will Iraq Become a Democracy?" Unpublished paper. Lawson, Chappell. "How to Best Build Democracy: Laying the Foundation for a New Iraq." Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July/August 2003). Petersen, Roger D. Chapters 1, and 2 inResistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN: 9780521770002. Hashim, Ahmed S. "Iraq's Chaos: Why the Insurgency Won't Go Away." Boston Review (October/November 2004).
14	El Salvador and South Africa	Wood, Elisabeth J. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN: 9780521788878.